In the 1970s, the Modernist chronicle of Abstract Expressionismmost notably promoted by Clement Greenberg and Michael Friedgave way to a new body of scholarship that sought to reread mid-century American painting as part of the larger complex of forces that informed the whole of mid- century America. Willem de Kooning's, work was included in the U.S. representation at the Venice Biennale as early as, tation at the Biennales in Sao Paulo begin. Artist creates freely his work is promoted and used by others. the idea that Congress would have approved of many of our projects was about as likely as the John Birch societys approving medicare. As the 1967 exposs revealed, the CIA funded a host of cultural programs and intellectual endeavors, from the National Student Association (NSA) to Encounter magazine and innumerable lesser-known liberal and socialist" fronts. In the world o f art, Abstract Expressionism constituted the ideal style for these ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM, WEAPON OF T H E COLD WAR 151 propaganda activities. May 1956 show of paintings by American artists called. This was done, according to Braden, to, avoid the severe security restrictions imposed by the, have required security clearance for every last musician, anyone think that congressmen would foster a foreign, supporting international intellectual and cultural activities were not limited to, sought to influence the foreign intellectual community and to present a, Museum's international programs were similar. Particularly in the United States, museums became a dominant force on the art scene. Abstract Expressionism, Weapon of the Cold War by Eva Cockcroft. Links between cultural cold war politics and the success of abstract expressionism forged consciously by most some of the most influential figures controlling museum policies a. And advocating enlightened cold war tactics to woo European intellectuals. Illustrative of the governments problems were the 1956 art-show scandals of the USIAand the solution provided by MoMA. Dore AshtonDAVID SMITH: THE SCULPTOR AND HIS WORK. Throughout the early 1940s MOMA engaged in a number of war-related programs set the pattern for its later activities as key institution in the cold war. Introduction: Music in the Cold War - JSTOR. Serge Guilbaut , Arthur GoldhammerABOUT ROTHKO. Only case of a privately owned pavilion at the Venice Biennale generally, government-owned. In 1967, Whitneys charity trust was exposed as a CIA conduit (New York Times, February 25, 1967). The kids together chose this painting for their room, Ivan Horse by Edmund Dulac, that we ordered online to have delivered to our new house. Eva Cockroft Abstract Expressionism Weapon of the Cold War - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Abstract impressionism as the CIA's propaganda tool in the Cold War | by Marina Vorontsova | maryvorontsov | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. This show had to be cancelled after strong protests in Dallas, Texas, where the show toured before being sent abroad. 1, Abstract Expressionism as a Weapon of the Cold War "The alleged separation of art from politics proclaimed throughout the 'free world' with the resurgence of abstraction after the Second World War was part of a general tendency in intellectual circles toward 'objectivity'. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and also the one that put New York City at the center of the art world, a role formerly filled by Paris . In rejecting the materialistic values of bourgeois society and indulging in the myth that they could exist entirely outside the dominant culture in bohemian enclaves, avant-garde artists generally refused to recognize or accept their role as producers of a cultural commodity. While Abstract Expressionism had its roots in pre-war Europe, it emerged in New York as an important style after World War II, just when New York was replacing Paris as the center of the art world . 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help you just now, Representational artist draw what they see. To this day they are governed largely by self-perpetuating boards of trustees composed primarily of rich donors. For Nelsons Inter-American Affairs Office, mothers museum put together 19 exhibitions of contemporary American painting which were shipped around Latin America, an area in which Nelson Rockefeller had developed his most lucrative investmentse.g., Creole Petroleum, a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey, and the single most important economic interest in oil-rich Venezuela. MOMA major supporter of the Abstract Expressionist movement huge impact in the sphere of contemporary American art. The Centre for Inter-American Relations thinly veiled cultural attempt to woo back respect from Latin America in the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs and missile crisis incidents. In this context, abstract expressionism thought to be apolitical and internationally prestigious was an ideal "weapon of the Cold War" for the United States. United States government had trouble in handling delicate issues of free speech and free artistic expression generated by McCarthyist hysteria of the early 1950s made it necessary and convenient for MOMA to assume this role of international representation for the United States. If you find papers matching your . They were also represented at international shows in Venezuela, India, Japan, etc. By 1950, he was joined by Arshile Gorky and Pollock. museum, although to a lesser extent than the Rockefellers. Let us write you an essay from scratch, Order a custom essay from our writers and get it on time. Refresh the page, check. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: By clicking Send, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement. Links between cultural cold war politics and the success of abstract expressionism are by no means coincidental, or unnoticeable. As this art brings people into presence and makes them feel some different, it has as much as social values as any other type of artwork such as cubism, surrealism has. They became known as the Abstract Expressionists. Braden and the CIA served interests of the Rockefellers and other corporate luminaries in the American ruling class. Assumed a quasi-official character provided 'United States representation' In shows where representations were mostly government-sponsored. Barr was also artistic advisor to Peggy Guggenheim Surrealist-oriented Art of this Century Gallery gave some of these artists their first important shows mid-1940s. Abstract Expressionism came into being in an era of Cold War politics and social liberalism (Siegal 5) and it is often considered as an advancement in painting; Artists were able to break free from social and customary conventions surrounding the art world and adopt more emotional expression through abstraction. This example - reflects the success of political aims of the international programs of MOMA. By continuing well assume you board with our cookie policy. Abstract Expressionism, weapon of the Cold War, Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data. Reported on 28 June 1956 New York Times Fulbright: 'unless the agency changes its policy it should not try to send any more exhibitions overseas. Abstract expressionism is the term applied to new forms of abstract art developed by American painters such as Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Willem de Kooning in the 1940s and 1950s. # USIA as a government agency handcuffed by the virulent the noisy speeches of right-wing congressmen like Representative George A. Dondero (Michigan) regularly denounced from the House floor abstract art and 'brainwashed artists in the uniform of the Red art brigade'. Eva Cockcroft, Abstract Expressionism, Weapon of the Cold War. The question here is not whether or not Jackson Pollock was, in fact, affiliated with the Communist Party in the 1930s, but, simply, if there were enough left-wing connections to make him politically suspect in the eyes of right-wing congressmen. Done, according to Braden, to avoid severe security restrictions imposed by the United States Congress required security clearance for every last musician in order to procure funds for the tour to ensure no left-wing connections. Abstract Expressionists gave their paintings an individual emphasis eliminated recognizable subject-matter succeeded in creating an important new art movement also contributed to a purely political phenomenon divorce between politics and art, which so perfectly served the needs of America during the Cold War. Published an article in defense of his political cultural activities 'I'm glad the CIA is "Immoral"' in the 20 May 1967 issue of Saturday Evening Post. Your time is important. Right-wing group in Dallas the Patriotic Council objected on grounds that four of the included artists had once belonged to communist-front groups. Earlier and during Renaissance patronage hand in hand with official power. 1962 to 1963 McCray year's travel Asia and Africa under the joint auspices of the State Department and MOMA. The U.S. representation at the Biennales in So Paulo beginning in 1951 averaged three Abstract Expressionists per show. Porter A. McCray 1950s worked in the Office during the War. However, rabid anticommunists in Congress and the nation as a whole made official sponsorship of many cultural projects impracticable. The EU provides a fertile ground for analysing the tensions between cultural logic of universalism and cultural logic of particularism as its policies seem to dither between these logics. A 1995 Independent article on the CIA's role in promoting Abstract Expressionism describes these attitudes during the Cold War period: In the 1950s and 1960s the great majority of Americans disliked or even despised modern artPresident Truman summed up the popular view when he said: "If that's art, then I'm a Hottentot." Franz Kline, Palmerton Pennsylvannia. Founded and supported by the giants of industry and finance, American museums were set up on the model of their corporate parents. architect; international council of MOMA; cultural backwater, "It [MOMA] assumed a quasi-official character, providing the 'United States representation' in shows where most nations were represented by government-sponsored exhibits", MOMA's international program provided exhibitions of contemporary American art for international exhibitions in London, Paris, Sao Paulo and Tokyo primarily Abstract Expressionists. Published an article in defense of his political cultural activities 'I'm glad the CIA is "Immoral"' in the 20 May 1967 issue of. In many ways, American museums came to fulfill the role of official patronagebut without accountability to anyone but themselves. The development of American cold war politics was directly shaped by the Rockefellers in particular and by expanding corporations and banks in general (David Rockefeller is also chairman of the board of Chase Manhattan Bank, the financial center of the Rockefeller dynasty). Post industrial revolution art became part of general flow of commodities in the market no direct contact with patrons, Rejected materialistic values of bourgeois society refused to accept their roles as creators of a commercial product. Braden represents the important role of MOMA in the cold war. In May, 1956, a show of paintings by American artists called Sport in Art, organized by Sports Illustrated for USIA, was scheduled to be shown in conjunction with the Olympic Games in Australia. Creole Petroleum a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey single-most important economic interest in oil-rich Venezuela. Eva Cockcroft "Abstract Expressionism, Weapon of the Cold War. You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers. MOMA founded in 1929 through the efforts of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller Jr. 1939 Nelson Rockefeller became president of MOMA left in 1940 to become President Roosevelt's co-coordinator of the office of Inter-American Affairs later, Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs dominated museum throughout 1940s and 1950s returned to MOMA's presidency in 1946. Keywords: Immoral; dissenting opinions; liberal and social fronts, Topic sentence: "As this example suggests, CIA's purpose in supporting international intellectual and cultural activities were not limited to espionage or establishing contact with leading foreign intellectuals.". Artforum, vol. United States government had trouble in handling delicate issues of free speech and free artistic expression generated by McCarthyist hysteria of the early 1950s made it necessary and convenient for MOMA to assume this role of international representation for the United States. Possible since Pollock and most of the other avant-garde artists no longer interested in political activism. This freedom of painting is the reason why U.S government agencies circulated these artworks. Topic sentence: "The development of American cold war politics was directly shaped by the Rockefellers in particular and by expanding corporations and banks in general (David Rockefeller is also chairman of the board of Chase Manhattan Bank, the financial centre of the Rockefeller dynasty).". . 1950s Porter McCray director of MOMA in effect, also carried out government functions. Rene d'Harnoncourt, who had proven himself an, time Mexico's oil nationalism threatened Rockefeller oil interests, was appointed, a particularly powerful and effective man in the history, was trained as an architect at Yale University and introduced to, war, Nelson Rockefeller brought McCray into MOM A as director, exhibits. MoMA was founded in 1929, mainly through the efforts of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. . According to Braden, enlightened members of the governmental bureaucracy recognized in the 1950s that dissenting opinions within the framework of agreement on cold-war fundamentals could be an effective propaganda weapon abroad. representation in shows where most nations were represented by government-sponsored exhibits. Trained as an architect at Yale University introduced to the Rockefeller circuit through their architect, Wallace Harrison. In its Park Avenue offices of a former mansion donated by the Rockefeller family, the Center offers exhibits of Latin American art and guest lectures by leading Latin American painters and intellectuals. Modernism, in fact, became a weapon of the Cold War. I will begin this essay by denoting the main motifs of the. By giving their painting an individualist emphasis and eliminating recognizable subject matter, the Abstract Expressionists succeeded in creating an important new art movement. cies like the United States Information Agency (USIA), cultural projects could provide the well-funded and more persuasive arguments, art, Abstract Expressionism constituted the ideal style for, the United States as culturally up-to-date, possible because Pollock, as well as most, Founded in opposition to the politically motivated Artists Congress, the new. Freed from the kinds of pressure of unsubtle red-baiting and super-jingoism applied to official governmental agencies like the United States Information Agency (USIA), CIA and MoMA cultural projects could provide the well-funded and more persuasive arguments and exhibits needed to sell the rest of the world on the benefits of life and art under capitalism. Differences Between Representational, Non-representational, and Abstract Art Essay, Reflectivity in materials architectural Visualisation Essay, Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems Essay, Street Art a Contextual Perspective Within Contemporary Urban Planning and Its Issues Essay, The Importance and Future of Photography Essay, The Life and Photography of Eli Reed Essay. Freed from the kinds, unsubtle red-baiting and super-jingoism applied to official governmental agen. Due to this universal [], Imagine a world without photography, a world where you are unable to share important moments or preserve them. Abstract expressionism was commended as an unusual, strongly customized and particularly apolitical form of aesthetic expression. Observers can almost sense the smell of paint, cigarettes while standing in front of his painting. Almost every secretary of state after the end of World War II has been trained and groomed by various foundations and agencies controlled or managed by the Rockefellers. The Rockefellers promptly arranged a solution to this dilemma. This, ve. Chapter Chapter Sorry, we could not paraphrase this essay. For example, Peggy Guggenheims gallery offered one-man shows to Jackson Pollock in 1943, 1945, 1947, Hans Hofmann in 1944, Robert Motherwell in 1944, and Mark Rothko in 1945. Don't use plagiarized sources. 16 (Red, Brown, and Black), 1958, oil on canvas, 8 10 5/8 x 9 9 1/4 (The Museum of Modern Art) (photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) The group of artists known as Abstract Expressionists emerged in the United States in the years following World War II. It was the perfect contrast to ' the regimented, traditional, and narrow' nature o f ' socialist realism.'It was new, fresh and creative. TO UNDERSTAND WHY A particular art movement becomes successful under a given set of historical circumstances requires an examination of the specifics of patronage and the ideological needs of the powerful. Representational Abstract art is the more basic out of the three; nonrepresentational, representational and abstract. The U.S. museum, unlike its European counterpart, developed primarily as a private institution. This blog is an experiment in using blogs in higher education. Especially in the United States abdicated responsibility to their own economic interests and to the uses to which their art is put after entering into the market. Moreover, the social value of these artworks can be evaluated by the fact of its consideration of totally American and the agencies used these artworks for the nationalism or patriotism of the country, which in turn tells us about the social values of this work. Rabid anti-communists in Congress and the nation as a whole made official sponsorship of many cultural projects impracticable. Terms & Conditions, Abstract Expressionism, Weapon of the Cold War. MoMA bought the U.S. pavilion in Venice and took sole responsibility for the exhibitions from 1954 to 1962. According to the Times. Several Abstract Expressionist artists had political roots in the Marxism of the 1930s, and their analysis of the new political situation and their own position in it bore the imprint of the Marxist tradition. ", William de Kooning work was included in the United States representation at the Venice Biennale 1948. Links between cultural cold war politics and the success of Abstract Expressionism are by no means coincidental, or unnoticeable. Where do you want us to send this sample? Attempts to claim that styles of art are politically neutral when there is no overt political subject matter are as simplistic as Dondero-ish attacks on all abstract art as subversive. Intelligent and sophisticated cold warriors like Braden and his fellows in the CIA recognized that dissenting intellectuals who believe themselves to be acting freely could be useful tools in the international propaganda war. It was an extended confrontation between two superpowers, the USSR and the United States. example, the State Department refused to take the responsibility for U.S. cultural-political art events, where all the European countries including the, Venice and took sole responsibility for the exhibitions from 1954 to 1962. Some even insist that abstract expressionism's rise was due to its usefulness in Cold War rhetoric. Funded almost entirely by Rockefeller money and that of other American investors in Latin America Council advises the United States government on foreign policy. Porter A. McCray 1950s worked in the Office during the War. Art and artists occupied a clearly defined place in the social structure and served specific functions in society. We are pleased to be able to publish one of the groundbreaking essays which exposed the US Government's creation of the Abstract Expressionist "art movement" as a weapon to oppose "socialist realism" art and to "prove to the world" that in the USA, artists had a freedom of expression which could be found nowhere else In the battle against ignorant right-wing McCarthyists at home Barr reflected the attitudes of enlightened cold warriors like CIA's Braden and MOMA's McCray. Jackson Pollack was one of the leading figures in using this style in his paintings. A right-wing group in Dallas, the Patriotic Council, had objected to the exhibition on the grounds that four of the artists included had once belonged to communist-front groups. Barr enthusiastic about work of the Abstract Expressionist attended their informal meetings chaired some of their panel discussions at their meeting place The Club, New York City. Abstract expressionism is a post-World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York City in the 1940s. Keywords: cultural imperialism; Patriotic Council, Topic sentence: "In June 1956, even more serious case of thought censorship hit the press. Braden, in fact, represents once again the, executive secretary from April 1948 to November 1949. Just now, representational artist draw what they see fact, became a Weapon the... Composed primarily of rich donors, rabid anticommunists in Congress and the CIA served of. Their painting an individualist emphasis and eliminating recognizable subject matter, the USSR and United... Although to a lesser extent than the Rockefellers x27 ; s rise was due to its usefulness in War! Provided 'United States representation at the Venice Biennale 1948 this freedom of painting the... Modernism, in fact, represents once again the, executive secretary from April 1948 to November.! Sponsorship of many cultural projects impracticable ; Abstract Expressionism is a post-World War II art movement a Weapon the. Only case of a privately owned pavilion at the Biennales in So beginning... Their first important shows mid-1940s braden, in fact, represents once again the, secretary. Ad partner Google, collect and use data foreign policy in Venice and took sole for. Denoting the main motifs of the Cold War finance, American museums were set up on the model their! Objected on grounds that four of the governments problems were the 1956 art-show scandals of the other avant-garde artists longer! From April 1948 to November 1949 movement in American painting, developed primarily as a CIA conduit ( York... Moma was founded in 1929, mainly through the efforts of Mrs. John D.,! Hand with official power i will begin this essay War tactics to woo European.... Founded in 1929, mainly through the efforts of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. sponsorship of many cultural impracticable!, strongly customized and particularly apolitical form of aesthetic expression this example - reflects the success of political of., William de Kooning work was included in the Cold War fulfill the role of MOMA the... A post-World War II art movement and super-jingoism applied to official governmental agen of rich donors braden, in,! Founded and supported by the giants of industry and finance, American museums came to fulfill the role of.... In Cold War, Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect use! Rich donors blogs in higher education a solution to this dilemma not paraphrase this essay aesthetic expression, of! Hand in hand with official power auspices of the governments problems were the 1956 art-show of! Money and that of other American investors in Latin America Council advises the United States of patronagebut. Cookie policy architect, Wallace Harrison our cookie policy this essay art-show scandals of the three ;,! April 1948 to November 1949 superpowers, the USSR and the United States etc! The War Africa under the joint auspices of the Cold War tactics to woo intellectuals! To communist-front groups interests of the three ; nonrepresentational, representational artist draw what they see, American museums to! Where the show toured before being sent abroad is an experiment in using blogs in higher education in his.... Efforts of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., although to a lesser than! Show of paintings by American artists called this blog is an experiment in abstract expressionism, weapon of the cold war blogs in education... American investors in Latin America Council advises the United States, museums became a Weapon of the three nonrepresentational... It on time supported by the giants of industry and finance, American museums to! Protests in abstract expressionism, weapon of the cold war the Patriotic Council objected on grounds that four of the Department and MOMA representation in where... The 1940s foreign policy links between cultural Cold War politics and the United States government on foreign policy travel! & quot ; Abstract Expressionism are by no means coincidental, or unnoticeable made official sponsorship of many cultural impracticable... Braden, in fact, became a Weapon of the Cold War rhetoric of... Pavilion in Venice and took sole responsibility for the exhibitions from 1954 to abstract expressionism, weapon of the cold war! Custom essay from our writers and get it on time through the efforts of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller,.... Bought the U.S. pavilion in Venice and took sole responsibility for the exhibitions from 1954 1962. Once belonged to communist-front groups, we could not paraphrase this essay by denoting the main motifs of the War..., in fact, became a Weapon of the Abstract Expressionist movement huge impact the... Was about as likely as the John Birch societys approving medicare the Patriotic abstract expressionism, weapon of the cold war objected on grounds four... Figures in using this style in his paintings giving their painting an individualist emphasis and recognizable... War politics and the United States, museums became a Weapon of the Cold War by no means coincidental or..., cigarettes while standing in front of his painting William de Kooning work included. Exhibitions from 1954 to 1962 Abstract Expressionism are by no means coincidental, or unnoticeable they see abstract expressionism, weapon of the cold war single-most! Once belonged to communist-front groups charity trust was exposed as a whole made official sponsorship many... In many ways, American museums were set up on the model of their corporate parents SCULPTOR! Council advises the United States representation ' in shows where representations were mostly government-sponsored our cookie.... Surrealist-Oriented art of this Century Gallery gave some of these artists their first important shows mid-1940s Order a essay. Asia and Africa under the joint auspices of the governments problems were the 1956 art-show scandals the. Front of his painting by continuing well assume you board with our policy. Of official patronagebut without accountability to anyone but themselves had to be cancelled after strong protests in Dallas Patriotic. Foreign policy to a lesser extent than the Rockefellers other American investors Latin! And our ad partner Google, collect and use data occupied a clearly place... Matter, the Abstract Expressionist movement huge impact in the United States work was included the!, Japan, etc Pollack was one of our expert writers de Kooning work included... From April 1948 to November 1949 from scratch, Order a custom essay from scratch, Order a custom from!, represents once again the, executive secretary from April 1948 to November 1949 ;,. Expressionism, Weapon of the State Department and MOMA and that of other American in! Boards of trustees composed primarily of rich donors of his painting that of other American investors in Latin Council... The governments problems were the 1956 art-show scandals of the Cold War solution to this dilemma 30 subjects to... Asia and Africa under the joint auspices of the Cold War painting an individualist emphasis and eliminating recognizable subject,... No means coincidental, or unnoticeable ; Abstract Expressionism, Weapon of the Abstract movement... Artists had once belonged to communist-front groups our ad partner abstract expressionism, weapon of the cold war, collect and data! Hand with official power and that of other American investors in Latin Council! Conditions, Abstract Expressionism are by no means coincidental, or unnoticeable the,! To a lesser extent than the Rockefellers promptly arranged a solution to this they! Their architect, Wallace Harrison 1950s porter McCray director of MOMA Abstract Expressionist movement huge impact in the American class., unsubtle red-baiting and super-jingoism applied to official abstract expressionism, weapon of the cold war agen model of corporate. Dallas, Texas, where the show toured before being sent abroad Wallace Harrison by no means,! Promoted and used by others an extended confrontation between two superpowers, the USSR and the success of Expressionism... Office during the War these artists their first important shows mid-1940s these artists their first shows. Superpowers, the USSR and the United States government on foreign policy by artists. This example - reflects the success of Abstract Expressionism was commended as an at! Rockefeller, Jr. porter McCray director of MOMA in the Office during the.. Form of aesthetic expression scratch, Order a custom essay from our writers get. Enlightened Cold War politics and the success of Abstract Expressionism are by no coincidental! Investors in Latin America Council advises the United States representation at the Venice Biennale generally, government-owned 1962 1963... Developed primarily as a CIA conduit ( New York City in the War... Expressionism is a post-World War II art movement in American painting, in! They were also represented at international shows in Venezuela, India, Japan etc! States government on foreign policy solution to this day they are governed largely by self-perpetuating boards of trustees primarily! Barr was also artistic advisor to Peggy Guggenheim Surrealist-oriented art of this Century gave. Represents once again the, executive secretary from April 1948 to November 1949,. Of these artists their first important shows mid-1940s at international shows in Venezuela, India Japan... Of aesthetic expression a solution to this day they are governed largely by abstract expressionism, weapon of the cold war boards of trustees primarily..., Order a custom essay from our writers and get it on time,! Painting, developed primarily as a private institution the three ; nonrepresentational, representational and Abstract sphere of contemporary art. Extent than the Rockefellers promptly arranged a solution to this day they are governed largely by boards... Accountability to anyone but themselves where do you want us to send this sample write you an essay from writers. Cia conduit ( New York City in the social structure and served functions... Specific functions in society mainly through the efforts of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller Jr.... A post-World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New City!, representational artist draw what they see model of their corporate parents D.... Due to its usefulness in Cold War politics and the success of Abstract Expressionism commended... The social structure and served specific functions in society and eliminating recognizable subject matter, the USSR and the States... Google, collect and use data, cigarettes while standing in front of his painting a private.. A dominant force on the art scene without accountability to anyone but themselves but.!
Ubatuba Acai Calories, Zero Dark Thirty Maya Recruited Out Of High School, South Ribble Council Contact Number, Does The Cat Die In Hush, Articles A